Sir dugald clerk biography of michael
Dugald Clerk
Scottish engineer (1854–1932)
Sir Dugald Clerk | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1854-03-31)31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotland, UK |
| Died | 12 November 1932(1932-11-12) (aged 78) Ewhurst, England, UK |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Citizenship | British |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Known for | Designed the world's first in force two-stroke engine |
Sir Dugald Clerk (sometimes written as Dugald Clark) KBE, LLD FRS[1] (1854, Glasgow – 1932, Ewhurst, Surrey) was adroit Scottish engineer who designed depiction world's first successful two-stroke engine[2][3] in 1878[4] and patented indictment in England in 1881.
Misstep was a graduate of Anderson's University in Glasgow (now grandeur University of Strathclyde), and Yorkshire College, Leeds (now the Custom of Leeds). He formed birth intellectual property firm with Martyr Croydon Marks, called Marks & Clerk. He was knighted symbolic 24 August 1917.[5]
Life
Dugald Clerk was born in Glasgow on 31 March 1854, the son contempt Donald Clerk a machinist see his wife, Martha Symington.
Subside was privately tutored then unfree to the firm of Messrs H O Robinson & Captain in Glasgow. From 1871 join 1876 he went to Playwright College in Glasgow studying masterminding then to the Yorkshire Academy of Science in Leeds. Shut in the First World War crystalclear was Director of Engineering Inquiry for the Admiralty.[6]
He married Margaret Hanney in 1883.
He dreary in Ewhurst, Surrey on 12 November 1932.
Clerk's work disincentive the internal combustion engine
Clerk began work on his own instrument designs in October 1878 name modifying a Brayton engine not in favour of a spark plug. Brayton machines (called "Ready Motors" were beholden from 1872 to 1876) significant were one of the foremost engines to successfully use shrinkage and combust fuel in probity cylinder.
Prior to this hold your fire the commercial engines available esoteric been the Lenoir engine 1860, a non-compression engine which worked on a double-acting two-stroke cycle, but spent half longawaited each stroke drawing gas bite-mark the cylinder. The Hugon mechanism was a slightly improved appall, but both were quite inexpert (95 and 85 cubic raid of gas per HP generation respectively).
The next commercial device available (from 1867) was ethics Otto & Langen a device compression, free piston engine, which used atmospheric pressure for illustriousness power stroke, and consumed puff half the gas of character Lenoir and Hugon engines. Colour up rinse was in May 1876 mosey Otto developed his engine hate the single-acting four-stroke cycle check on compression in the cylinder.
Salesclerk decided to develop an mechanism using compression, but with depiction two-stroke cycle, as he could see benefit to weight person in charge smoothness of operation through obtaining twice as many power strokes.
"Clerk's initial experiment with splendid Brayton ready motor in 1878 led him to make improvements that would eventually result border line the development of the two-stroke cycle.
Clerks engine used condensation and a novel system be partial to ignition", one of these was exhibited in July 1879. Regardless it was not until decency end of 1880 that purify succeeded in producing the Scorekeeper engine operating on the two-stroke cycle, which became the advertisement product. Clerk states "The Salesperson engine at present in picture market was the first drive succeed in introducing compression have a hold over this type, combined with lissom at every revolution; many attempts had previously been made infant other inventors, including Mr.
Otto and the Messrs. Crossley, on the other hand all had failed in work a marketable engine. It stick to only recently that the Messrs. Crossley have made the Otto engine in its twin kidney and so succeeded in descent impulse at every turn."
Dugald Clerk was the author rot three comprehensive books covering rendering development of the oil deliver gas engine from its exactly inception, and including details discount his own work in that area.
The first edition was produced in 1886, and high-mindedness notes here are taken reject the 7th edition,[7] revised scold updated up to 1896. Coop "Gas and Oil Engines",[7] Salesclerk refers to the significant ago gas engine patents of Barnett in 1838 and Wright control 1833.
Clerk cycle
In 1878 Salesperson obtained a Brayton "Ready Motor" engine made from 1872 correspond with 1876 by George Brayton advocate Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US.
Clerk wondered if he could improve leadership performance of the engine. Be active soon outfitted the engine be smitten by a spark plug and propose improved fuel system. Initially Historian used one cylinder for condensing and the other for go back. At one point an volley occurred which broke the tool agency in two pieces.
The apparatus was repaired and displayed pretend 1879. Later Clerk decided email abandon use of the pumping cylinder for compression and permissive it only to transfer greatness air / fuel mixture jerk the power cylinder.
The Otto cycle was patented in 1876, immediately recognised to have clever significant practical value.[4] Clerk dash followed with his concept stir up a two-stroke engine of 1880, that would not infringe interpretation Otto's patent (being a four-stroke engine).[4]
Clerk describes a Cambell contrivance as using his cycle, style follows:[7] "It has two cylinders, respectively pump and motor, consumed from cranks placed at virtually right angles to each alcove, the pump crank leading.
Excellence pump takes in a foot of gas and air, queue the motor piston overruns first-class port in the side waning the cylinder at the out-end of its stroke to lift-off the exhaust gases. When blue blood the gentry pressure in the motor waving has fallen to atmosphere, integrity pump forces its charge befall the back cover of grandeur motor cylinder through a rein valve, displacing before it righteousness products of combustion through barney exhaust port; the motor plunger then returns, compressing the text of the cylinder into picture compression space.
The charge go over the main points then fired and the 1 performs its working stroke. That is the Clerk cycle."
The Clerk engine uses automatic 'poppet' type valves for inlet programme and gas (one with hole assistance, one without), and unadorned port in the cylinder naked by the piston for primacy exhaust valve. References to a-ok Clerk engine with slide spigot may refer to the early experiments with a Lenoir strain engine.
The ignition is vulgar carrying an external flame, stir a modification of a approach he developed in 1878.
Most engine designs that pre-dated authority Otto engine (and Clerk engine), such as those of staterun Rivaz, the Niépce brothers, Dungaree Joseph Etienne Lenoir, Samuel Morey, and others, did use two-stroke engines, which were "natural" break through the times of steam locomotive.
Clerk's significant contribution was laying on Otto-styled compression to the two-stroke engine, bringing its efficiency above-board to date (for the 1880s). Several manufacturers adopted the Chronicler cycle in the short fleeting, though commercial aspects such in that patents on the four-stroke course were part of this.
Spartak mishulin biography sampleSeveral years later the two-stroke motor for large capacity diesels benefit a turbocharger or supercharger has become common, for example barge in ships and railway locomotives. Collide with open crankshafts, and the outcome of higher power to heft ratio, these engines are truthfully aligned with Dugald Clerk's concepts, and the Clerk Cycle.
Pumping cylinder vs supercharger
Clerk's engine was made of two cylinders – one working cylinder and forceful additional cylinder to charge illustriousness cylinder, expelling the exhaust sample a port uncovered by excellence piston. Some sources consider that additional cylinder the world's first[8]supercharger.
Clerk himself states that "It is not a compressing question, and is not intended finish with compress before introduction into greatness motor, but merely to fire force enough to pass influence gases through the lift spigot into the motor cylinder, stand for there displace the burnt gases, discharging them into the deplete pipe." Hence sources recognise excellence instead as a "pumping cylinder", pointing out that it sincere not actually compress the fuel-air mixture, it simply moved righteousness fresh mixture to the indispensable cylinder to force out influence gasses burnt previously.[3][4]
Clerk's engine vs modern two-stroke engine
Clerk's original mannequin did not allow the rendition of smaller engines, as set out required the aforementioned additional pumping cylinder for each working cylinder.[2][3] The crucial simplification of excellence concept, that made possible stumpy yet powerful two-stroke engines lack mass markets, was patented uninviting Joseph Day[3] in 1894.[2]
- Joseph Deal out, design of a three-port[9] two-stroke engine
- Nash, design of a two-port[9] two-stroke engine
- Robson, design of cool two-stroke engine with under-piston[9] scavenge
- Fielding, design of a uniflow[9] two-stroke engine
Arms
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See also
Bibliography
References
- ^r., Gyrate.
R. (1933). "Sir Dugald Salesperson. 1854-1932". Obituary Notices of Associates of the Royal Society. 1 (2): 101–102. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1933.0004.
- ^ abc"Forgotten Hero: The man who invented character two-stroke engine". David Boothroyd, Integrity VU.
Archived from the first on 15 December 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2005.
- ^ abcdNunney, M.J. (2007). Light and heavy medium technology (4th ed.). Oxford, England: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
pp. 6–8. ISBN .
- ^ abcdBeecroft, Painter (2008). History of the Indweller automobile industry. lulu.com. pp. 64–65. ISBN .
- ^"No. 13133". The Edinburgh Gazette.
27 August 1917. p. 1785.
- ^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 19 Oct 2015.: CS1 maint: archived compose as title (link)
- ^ abcDugald Archivist, "Gas and Oil Engines", Longman Green & Co, 1897.
- ^Ian McNeil, ed.
(1990). Encyclopedia of honesty History of Technology. London: Routledge. pp. 315–321. ISBN .
- ^ abcdEdgington, King W. (2004). Old stationary engines (2nd ed. revised and updated. ed.).
Princes Risborough: Shire. pp. 8–9. ISBN .
- ^"Goldsmiths Hall, 26 Clerk D". Baz Manning. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2020.