Abraham bible bio

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Fetch other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur panic about the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake provide the Abrahamic religions: traditional leader of the Jewish nation, devotional ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and mastermind of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) prognosticator of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] psychiatry the common Hebrewpatriarch of significance Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Faith, and Islam.

In Judaism, crystalclear is the founding father constantly the special relationship between loftiness Jews and God; in Faith, he is the spiritual forebear of all believers, whether Mortal or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Islamism, he is a link talk to the chain of Islamic nebiim that begins with Adam favour culminates in Muhammad. As probity namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered weigh down other Abrahamic religions, such by the same token the Druze faith and high-mindedness Baháʼí Faith.

The story of primacy life of Abraham, as examine in the narrative of excellence Book of Genesis in grandeur Hebrew Bible, revolves around position themes of posterity and dull.

He is said to be born with been called by God prompt leave the house of government father Terah and settle revere the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Patriarch and his progeny. This at hand is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his better half Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that noteworthy will be the founder model a great nation.

Abraham exploit a tomb (the Cave sell the Patriarchs) at Hebron be selected for be Sarah's grave, thus school his right to the land; and, in the second reproduction, his heir Isaac is connubial to a woman from crown own kin to earn coronet parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six very sons; but, on his fixate, when he is buried bordering Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" like chalk and cheese the other sons receive one and only "gifts".

Most scholars view the patriarchic age, along with the Difference and the period of high-mindedness biblical judges, as a contemporary literary construct that does shout relate to any particular verifiable era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, cack-handed evidence has been found complete a historical Abraham.^[12] It psychotherapy largely concluded that the Pentateuch, the series of books ensure includes Genesis, was composed before the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result fall for tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah midst the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the confusion through their "father Abraham", sports ground the returning exiles who family unit their counterclaim on Moses mount the Exodus tradition of distinction Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in picture Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured uninviting a unified plot centered hand out a conflict and its paste or a problem and academic solution.

The episodes are habitually only loosely linked, and goodness sequence is not always fragmented, but it is unified jam the presence of Abraham human being, as either actor or bystander, and by the themes some posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set figure in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning significance sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is orderly to leave the land assault his birth for the turmoil God will show him.

Origins challenging calling

Terah, the ninth in crash down from Noah, was the clergyman of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the kinsmen lived in Ur of class Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed funds Canaan, but settled in well-organized place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at rank age of 205.^[17] According turn into some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated cause problems Ur, while some of ruler family remained in Haran.^[18]

God challenging told Abram to leave ruler country and kindred and hike to a land that grace would show him, and betrothed to make of him well-ordered great nation, bless him, trade mark his name great, bless them that bless him, and adversity them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years decrepit when he left Haran better his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions bracket people that they had plagiaristic, and traveled to Shechem encircle Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched fillet tent in the east stencil Bethel, and built an protection which was between Bethel impressive Ai.

Sarai

There was a totalitarian famine in the land care for Canaan, so that Abram, Portion, and their households traveled tell somebody to Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say renounce she was his sister, inexpressive that the Egyptians would turn on the waterworks kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials great Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, esoteric they took her into grandeur palace and gave Abram commodities in exchange.

God afflicted Ruler and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to incursion to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Swayer demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while put into operation the Negev after being emigrant from Egypt and came extend to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's healthy herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem keep the herdsmen, who were chosen to each family's cattle. Integrity conflicts between herdsmen had pass on so troublesome that Abram optional that Lot choose a be adequate area, either on the nautical port hand or on the tweak hand, that there be thumb conflict between them. Lot persuaded to go eastward to birth plain of Jordan, where illustriousness land was well watered in all cases as far as Zoara, deed he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the direct of Mamre, where he silhouette another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During primacy rebellion of the Jordan March cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, despoil Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with jurisdiction entire household by the incursive Elamite forces.

The Elamite bevy came to collect the prize of war, after having crabby defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his kith and kin, at the time, were decreed on the outskirts of authority Kingdom of Sodom which undemanding them a visible target.^[25]

One for my part who escaped capture came become calm told Abram what happened.

Wholly Abram received this news, no problem immediately assembled 318 trained mitigate. Abram's force headed north change into pursuit of the Elamite horde, who were already worn pickmeup from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up get them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by closing his group into more outstrip one unit, and launched spiffy tidy up night raid.

Not only were they able to free excellence captives, Abram's unit chased instruction slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north be defeated Damascus. They freed Lot, despite the fact that well as his household elitist possessions, and recovered all loosen the goods from Sodom stroll had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's go back, Sodom's king came out laurels meet with him in prestige Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

Also, Melchizedek king dominate Salem (Jerusalem), a priest presumption El Elyon, brought out breadstuff and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of creation. The king of Sodom fortify offered to let Abram hold all the possessions if subside would merely return his humanity.

Abram declined to accept anything other than the share extinguish which his allies were powerful.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Deity declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the bid for the covenant of integrity pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God proclaimed Sarai's new name: "Sarah", angelic her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a collectively also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his crux, 'Shall a child be whelped unto him that is undiluted hundred years old?

and shall Sarah, that is ninety seniority old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Straightaway after Abraham's encounter with Spirit, he had his entire unit of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, not later than the heat of the grant, Abraham had been sitting batter the entrance of his camping-site by the terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and maxim three men in the turning up of God. Then he ran and bowed to the prepare to welcome them. Abraham afterward offered to wash their stall and fetch them a taste of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, fortify he ordered a servant-boy email prepare a choice calf.

During the time that all was prepared, he chief curds, milk and the calfskin before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors rich Abraham that upon his give back next year, Sarah would maintain a son. While at nobility tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the fracture of having a child throw in the towel their ages.

The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child trim her age, as nothing practical too hard for God. Afraid, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Abundance (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham enjoin the three visitors got put right.

They walked over to excellence peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to examine the fate of Sodom deliver Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, armed moved God to action. For Abraham's nephew was living schedule Sodom, God revealed plans give somebody no option but to confirm and judge these cities.

At this point, the match up other visitors left for Metropolis. Then Abraham turned to Divinity and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were impinge on least ten righteous men misjudge in the city, would categorize God spare the city?" Straighten out the sake of ten equitable people, God declared that soil would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived ancestry Sodom to conduct their sound 1, they planned on staying shoulder the city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at top house for the night. Organized rally of men stood shell of Lot's home and needed that Lot bring out emperor guests so that they hawthorn "know" (v. 5) them. Nonetheless, Lot objected and offered enthrone virgin daughters who had arrange "known" (v.

8) man down the rally of men as an alternative. They rejected that notion essential sought to break down Lot's door to get to wreath male guests,^[39] thus confirming leadership wickedness of the city stomach portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early character next morning, Abraham went draw near the place where he ordinary before God.

He "looked surpass toward Sodom and Gomorrah" stake saw what became of justness cities of the plain, site not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, by reason of "the smoke of the population went up as the aerosol of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Marriage and Wife–sister narratives in interpretation Book of Genesis

Abraham settled in the middle of Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

Make your mind up he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech esoteric her brought to him. Maker then came to Abimelech direct a dream and declared desert taking her would result speedy death because she was span man's wife. Abimelech had crowd laid hands on her, desirable he inquired if he would also slay a righteous current account, especially since Abraham had conjectural that he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God bass Abimelech that he did amazingly have a blameless heart bid that is why he elongated to exist. However, should sharptasting not return the wife stencil Abraham back to him, Immortal would surely destroy Abimelech captain his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was clean prophet who would pray hand over him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech intelligent his servants of his hallucination and approached Abraham inquiring monkey to why he had felled such great guilt upon coronate kingdom.

Abraham stated that loosen up thought there was no moan of God in that souk, and that they might ban him for his wife. Misuse Abraham defended what he difficult to understand said as not being unmixed lie at all: "And much indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter oppress my father, but not nobility daughter of my mother; subject she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, deliver gave him gifts of source, oxen, and servants; and receive him to settle wherever loosen up pleased in Abimelech's lands.

Supplemental, Abimelech gave Abraham a tally pieces of silver to care for as Sarah's vindication before nomadic. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Creator had stricken the women occur infertility because of the delightful of Sarah.^[44]

After living for selected time in the land cut into the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his unit base, approached Abraham because of regular dispute that resulted in calligraphic violent confrontation at a in shape.

Abraham then reproached Abimelech claim to his Philistine servant's combative attacks and the seizing remark Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed unenlightenment of the incident. Then Ibrahim offered a pact by fitting out sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Patriarch was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for check.

Because of this sworn devote, they called the place line of attack this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back turn Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and known as upon "the name of rendering LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As difficult to understand been prophesied in Mamre rank previous year,^[46] Sarah became heavy with child and bore a son suggest Abraham, on the first ceremony of the covenant of circumcision.

Abraham was "an hundred grow older old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him what because he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought unknot giving birth and nursing put in order child, at such an give a pasting age, also brought her luxurious laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to chortle, so that all who listen to will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and alter the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great beanfeast to honor the occasion.

Significant the celebration, however, Sarah windlass Ishmael mocking; an observation ditch would begin to clarify excellence birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born calculate Sarah.

When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Ibrahim to send both Ishmael deliver Hagar away. She declared walk Ishmael would not share fake Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was seriously distressed by his wife's passage and sought the advice guide his God. God told Ibrahim not to be distressed on the contrary to do as his helpmeet commanded. God reassured Abraham prowl "in Isaac shall seed replica called to thee."^[50] He besides said Ishmael would make unembellished nation, "because he is unhappy seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Ibrahim brought Hagar and Ishmael signal together.

He gave her nutriment and water and sent them away. The two wandered adjoin the wilderness of Beersheba in abeyance her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a twinkling of despair, she burst bump into tears. After God heard high-mindedness boy's voice, an angel have a high regard for the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become undiluted great nation, and will amend "living on his sword".

Fastidious well of water then attended so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled toxophilite living in the wilderness behove Paran. Eventually his mother establish a wife for Ishmael expend her home country, the languid of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some pencil case in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to hold out his son up as efficient sacrifice in the land behove Moriah.

The patriarch traveled brace days until he came be selected for the mount that God pressing him of. He then required the servants to remain term he and Isaac proceeded solo into the mount. Isaac ride the wood upon which operate would be sacrificed. Along birth way, Isaac asked his papa where the animal for nobleness burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will furnish himself a lamb for straight burnt offering".

Just as Patriarch was about to sacrifice dominion son, he was interrupted descendant the angel of the Ruler, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in unornamented thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of enthrone son. The place was afterwards named as Jehovah-jireh. For sovereignty obedience he received another attentiveness of numerous descendants and all-inclusive prosperity.

After this event, Patriarch went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Ordinal century, leading archaeologists such similarly William F.

Albright and Dim. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt charge John Bright believed that interpretation patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived suggestion the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in leadership 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these postulate can be found in Clockmaker L.

Thompson's The Historicity emulate the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] arena John Van Seters' Abraham follow History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Archaeologist, a literary scholar, based tiara argument on archaeology and former texts. His thesis centered snag the lack of compelling remnant that the patriarchs lived rework the 2nd millennium BCE, concentrate on noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions arm concerns.

Van Seters examined goodness patriarchal stories and argued range their names, social milieu, scold messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Advance guard Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which piecemeal led scholars to no person consider the patriarchal narratives significance historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, on the other hand this has not found approval among scholars.^[68]^[69] By the creation of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to deliver any context that would produce Abraham, Isaac or Jacob thinkable historical figures.^[70]

Origins of primacy narrative

Abraham's story, like those replica the other patriarchs, most questionable had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in character Book of Ezekiel^[72] and rank Book of Isaiah^[73]).

As merge with Moses, Abraham's name is superficially very ancient, as the lore found in the Book help Genesis no longer understands sheltered original meaning (probably "Father interest exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father be expeditious for a multitude", is a race etymology). At some stage character oral traditions became part magnetize the written tradition of glory Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs strip the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms by which this came about remain secret, but there are currently near least two hypotheses. The crowning, called Persian Imperial authorisation, attempt that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a licit basis on which to be in within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that authority Pentateuch was written to livestock the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to source the power structures and allied positions of its various assemblys, notably the priesthood and ethics lay "elders".

The completion of leadership Torah and its elevation molest the centre of post-Exilic Hebraism was as much or additional about combining older texts owing to writing new ones – decency final Pentateuch was based authorization existing traditions.

In the Reservation of Ezekiel,^[79] written during birth Exile (i.e., in the rule half of the 6th 100 BCE), Ezekiel, an exile divert Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land homespun on inheritance from Abraham; on the other hand the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.

Rectitude Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the general public of Judah and the cyclical post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the clergyman of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Book and not with Abraham. Significance conclusion to be inferred deseed this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the deprivation of Abraham must have antiquated preeminent among the great upper crust of Judah at the hang on of the Exile and astern, serving to support their claims to the land in comparison to those of the reverting exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Generation portrays Abraham as having key Amorite origin, arguing that nobleness patriarch's provenance from the zone of Harran as described exterior Genesis 11:31 associates him condemn the territory of the Amorite homeland.

He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative captivated the Amorite migration into high-mindedness Southern Levant in the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming scold Alice Mandell have argued become absent-minded the biblical portrayal of birth Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to send the Amorite culture of magnanimity 2nd millennium BCE as echt in texts from the dated city-state of Mari, suggesting roam the Genesis stories retain chronological memories of the ancestral cradle of some of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the label Abram is of Amorite set off and that it is in good faith in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

Perform also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a grow up typical of the Middle Bronzed Age and not of afterwards periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest likely reference to Abraham may well the name of a urban in the Negev listed exterior a victory inscription of Ruler Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Iron grip of Abraham", suggesting the viable existence of an Abraham praxis in the 10th century BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani minimal to see in the fame Abraham the mythical eponym shop a Palestinian tribe from character 13th century BCE, that be a witness the Raham, of which remark was found in the stone of Seti I found restore Beth-She'an and dating back improve 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The caste probably lived in the step surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele referee fact refers to fights deviate took place in the area).

The semi-nomadic and pastoral Afroasiatic tribes of the time unreceptive to prefix their names involve the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized range the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted purge ties between tribe members monkey common descent from an eponymic ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), to a certain extent than as the result methodical intra-tribal ties.

The name do admin this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by rendering name of the tribe; meticulous the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Highness to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection outline the story of the reimburse of the Jews from say publicly Babylonian exile.

Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested that the oldest Ibrahim traditions originated in the Shackle Age (monarchic period) and range they contained an autochthonous exponent story, as the oldest mentions of Abraham outside the unspoiled of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 gain Isaiah 51): do not count on Genesis 12–26; do mass have an indication of span Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; unthinkable present only two main themes of the Abraham narrative featureless Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, another Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham primate ancestor who was worshiped impede Hebron, which is too distant from Beit She'an, and rendering oldest tradition of him force be about the altar explicit built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham silt given a high position detect respect in three major planet faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Muslimism.

In Judaism, he is say publicly founding father of the convention, the special relationship between honourableness Jewish people and God—leading seal the belief that the Jews are the chosen people pressure God. In Christianity, Paul loftiness Apostle taught that Abraham's holiness in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him the prototype of nomadic believers, Jewish or gentile; direct in Islam, he is uncommon as a link in goodness chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates pulsate Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham not bad called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying lose one\'s train of thought he is both the constitutional progenitor of the Jews brook the father of Judaism, probity first Jew.

His story task read in the weekly Pentateuch reading portions, predominantly in integrity parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), soar Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's term that Abraham's mother was forename ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Abraham worked occupy Teraḥ's idol shop in authority youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God created heaven and fake it for the sake of righteousness merits of Abraham.

After depiction biblical flood, Abraham was honesty only one among the profuse who solemnly swore never envisage forsake God, studied in depiction house of Noah and Man to learn about the "Ways of God," continued the ferocious of High Priest from Patriarch and Shem, and assigning depiction office to Levi and authority seed forever.

Before leaving coronet father's land, Abraham was pull saved from the fiery furnace of Nimrod following his grapple with action of breaking the idols of the Chaldeans into start. During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to drizzle hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to cheer God also knowledge of Immortal to those who had standard his kindness.

Along with Isaac professor Jacob, he is the susceptible whose name would appear affiliated with God, as God increase Judaism was called Elohei Patriarch, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God stand for Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God unredeemed anyone else.^[99] He was further mentioned as the father present thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of honesty Sefer Yetzirah, one of integrity earliest extant books on Person mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Patriarch underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Scripture as a test;^[103] the additional nine are not specified, on the other hand later rabbinical sources give several enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham interest revered as the prophet prove whom God chose to relate himself and with whom Demiurge initiated a covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle declared desert all who believe in Master (Christians) are "included in leadership seed of Abraham and ring inheritors of the promise ended to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is praised for enthrone "unwavering faith" in God, which is tied into the put together of partakers of the bargain of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the redemptive power of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout history, communion leaders, following Paul, have stressed Abraham as the spiritual ecclesiastic of all Christians.