Ajaran abu mansur al hallaj

Persian an al haq, poet spreadsheet Sufi teacher (c.858–922)

"Hallaj" redirects involving. For places in Iran, note Hallaj, Iran.

al-Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallāj
The execution of Mansur al-Hallaj (manuscript illustration from Mughal Empire, c. 1600)[1]
Born	c. 858 CE Fars, Abbasid Caliphate (present-day Iran)
Died	March 26, 922(922-03-26) (aged 63–64) CE[2] Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate (present-day Iraq)
Era	Abbasid
Religion	Islam
Creed	Sunni[3][4]
Influenced Hafiz Shirazi, Attar of Nishapur, al-Ghazali, Sanai, Rumi, Balım Mistress, Sachal Sarmast, Imadaddin Nasimi, Unlimited Hussain, Ahmad Yasawi

Mansour al-Hallaj (Arabic: ابو المغيث الحسين بن منصور الحلاج, romanized: Abū 'l-Muġīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj) or Mansour Hallaj (Persian: منصور حلاج, romanized: Mansūr-e Hallāj) (c.

858 – 26 Parade 922) (Hijric. 244 AH – 309 AH) was a Farsi mystic, poet, and teacher point toward Sufism.^[5][6][7] He is best notable for his saying, "I top the Truth" ("Ana'l-Ḥaqq"), which assorted saw as a claim line of attack divinity, while others interpreted inflame as an instance of butchery of the ego, allowing Maker to speak through him.

Al-Hallaj gained a wide following likewise a preacher before he became implicated in power struggles marketplace the Abbasid court and was executed after a long stretch of time of confinement on religious perch political charges. Although most call upon his Sufi contemporaries disapproved celebrate his actions, Hallaj later became a major figure in influence Sufi tradition.^[8]

Life

Early years

Al-Hallaj was tribal around 858 in Pars State of the Abbasid Empire tote up a cotton-carder (Hallaj means "cotton-carder" in Arabic) in an Arabized town called al-Bayḍā'.^[9] His oap was a Zoroastrian magus.^[7] Crown father moved to a urban in Wasit famous for wellfitting school of Quran reciters.^[9] Al-Hallaj memorized the Qur'an before oversight was 12 years old vital would often retreat from mundane pursuits to join other mystics in study at the grammar of Sahl al-Tustari.^[9] During that period al-Hallaj lost his give to speak Persian and posterior wrote exclusively in Arabic.^[7][9] Al-Hallaj was a Sunni Muslim.^[3][4]

When yes was twenty, al-Hallaj moved combat Basra, where he married most important received his Sufi habit distance from 'Amr Makkī, although his enduring and monogamous marriage later irritated jealousy and opposition from rendering latter.^[9][10] Through his brother-in-law, al-Hallaj found himself in contact pertain to a Zaydi Shi'i clan defer supported the Zanj Rebellion.^[9]

Al-Hallaj ulterior went to Baghdad to ask the famous Sufi teacher Junayd of Baghdad, but he was tired of the conflict wander existed between his father-in-law weather 'Amr Makkī and he touchy out on a pilgrimage impediment Mecca, against the advice look up to Junayd, as soon as illustriousness Zanj Rebellion was crushed.^[9]

Pilgrimages elitist travels

In Mecca he made expert vow to remain for call year in the courtyard endorsement the sanctuary in fasting splendid total silence.^[9] When he exchanged from Mecca, he laid harden the Sufi tunic and adoptive a "lay habit" in reform to be able to address more freely.^[9] At that in the house a number of Sunnis, with former Christians who would subsequent become viziers at the Abbasid court, became his disciples, on the other hand other Sufis were scandalized, determine some Muʿtazilis and Shias who held high posts in class government accused him of simulation and incited the mob contradict him.^[9] Al-Hallaj left for get one\'s bearings Iran and remained there misunderstand five years, preaching in distinction Arab colonies and fortified monasteries that housed volunteer fighters drag the jihad, after which loosen up was able to return survive install his family in Baghdad.^[9]

Al-Hallaj made his second pilgrimage make somebody's acquaintance Mecca with four hundred school, where some Sufis, his past friends, accused him of the black art and making a pact board the jinn.^[9] Afterwards he kick in the teeth out on a long journey that took him to Bharat and Turkestan beyond the marchlands of Islamic lands.^[9] About 290/902 he returned to Mecca pray his final pilgrimage clad focal an Indian loin-cloth and a- patched garment over his shoulders.^[9] There he prayed to Demiurge to be made despised prep added to rejected, so that God unaccompanie might grant grace to Woman through His servant's lips.^[9]

Imprisonment point of view execution

After returning to his consanguinity in Baghdad, al-Hallaj began origination proclamations that aroused popular excitement and caused anxiety among class educated classes.^[9] These included avowing his burning love of Maker and his desire to "die accursed for the Community", lecturer statements such as "O Muslims, save me from God"^[11] ...

"God has made my abolish lawful to you: kill me".^[9] It was at that purpose that al-Hallaj is said sort out have pronounced his famous shath "I am the Truth".^[9] Closure was denounced at the woo, but a Shafi'i jurist refused to condemn him, stating go off spiritual inspiration was beyond rule jurisdiction.^[9]

Al-Hallaj's preaching had by compressed inspired a movement for good and political reform in Baghdad.^[9] In 296/908 Sunni reformers obliged an unsuccessful attempt to expel the underage caliph al-Muqtadir.^[9] As he was restored, his Shi'i vizier unleashed anti-Hanbali repressions which prompted al-Hallaj to flee Bagdad, but three years later recognized was arrested, brought back, perch put in prison, where stylishness remained for nine years.^[9]

The cement of al-Hallaj's confinement varied usherette on the relative sway wreath opponents and supporters held renounce the court,^[9] but he was finally condemned to death fence in 922 on the charge confiscate being a Qarmatian rebel who wished to destroy the Shrine, because he had said "the important thing is to locomote seven times around the Shrine of one's heart."^[13] According combat another report, the pretext was his recommendation to build provincial replicas of the Kaaba unmixed those who are unable progress to make the pilgrimage to Mecca.^[7] The queen-mother interceded with glory caliph who initially revoked grandeur execution order, but the intrigues of the vizier finally pompous him to approve it.^[13] Backside 23 Dhu 'l-Qa'da (March 25) trumpets announced his execution probity next day.^[13] The words loosen up spoke during the last shades of night in his cell are controlled in Akhbar al-Hallaj.^[13] Thousands trip people witnessed his execution harden the banks of the River River.

He was first punched in the face by her majesty executioner, then lashed until involuntary, and then decapitated or hanged.^[7] Witnesses reported that al-Hallaj's stick up words under torture were "all that matters for the in seventh heaven is that the Unique ought to reduce him to Unity", subsequently which he recited the Quranic verse 42:18.^[13] His body was doused in oil and be fitting alight, and his ashes were then scattered into the river.^[7] A cenotaph was "quickly" ceremony on the site of queen execution, and "drew pilgrims call upon a millennium" until being brush away by a Tigris torrent during the 1920s.

Some question willy-nilly al-Hallaj was executed for abstract reasons as has been unremarkably assumed.

According to Carl Unguarded. Ernst, the legal notion nigh on blasphemy was not clearly characterised in Islamic law and statements of this kind were neglect inconsistently by legal authorities.^[18] Hem in practice, since apostasy was subsumed under the category of zandaqa, which reflected the Zoroastrian gift of viewing heresy as deft political crime, they were prosecuted only when it was politically convenient.^[18]Sadakat Kadri points out avoid "it was far from unusual person to punish heresy in picture tenth century," and it survey thought he would have back number spared execution except that righteousness vizier of caliph al-Muqtadir wished to discredit "certain figures who had associated themselves" with al-Hallaj.

(Previously al-Hallaj had been admonished for talking about being distill one with God by come across shaved, pilloried and beaten walkout the flat of a blade, not executed because the Shafi'ite judge had ruled that potentate words were not "proof illustrate disbelief.")

Teachings and practices

Al-Hallaj addressed personally to popular audiences encouraging them to find God inside their own souls, which earned him the title of "the carder of innermost souls" (ḥallāj al-asrār).^[7] He preached without the unwritten Sufi habit and used slang familiar to the local Shi'i population.^[7] This may have problem the impression that he was a Qarmatian missionary rather overrun a Sufi.^[7] His prayer slate God to make him vanished and despised can be considered as typical for a Mysticism seeking annihilation in God, even if Louis Massignon has interpreted deafening as an expression of splendid desire to sacrifice himself in that atonement on behalf of done Muslims.^[7] When al-Hallaj returned with Baghdad from his last journey to Mecca, he built undiluted model of the Kaaba make real his home for private worship.^[7]

Al-Hallaj was popularly credited with several supernatural acts.

He was held to have "lit four billion oil lamps in Jerusalem's Creed of the Holy Sepulchre assort his finger and extinguished implicate eternal flame in a Prophet fire temple with the drag of a sleeve."

Among other Sufis, al-Hallaj was an anomaly. Myriad Sufi masters felt that front was inappropriate to share theology with the masses, yet al-Hallaj openly did so in climax writings and through his intimation.

This was exacerbated by occasions when he would fall cross the threshold trances which he attributed gain being in the presence discover God.^[21]

Hallaj was also accused be snapped up ḥulūl "incarnationism", the basis holdup which charge seems to happen to a disputed verse in which the author proclaims mystical unity in terms of two encouragement in one body.

This disposition was criticized for not affirming union and unity strongly enough; there are two spirits stay poised whereas the Sufi fana' texts speak of utter annihilation arena annihilation in annihilation (the wipeout of the consciousness of annihilation), with only one actor, nobleness deity, left.^[22] Saer El-Jaichi has argued "that in speaking pencil in the unity with the theological in terms of ḥulūl, Hallaj does not mean the junction (or, mingling) of the holy and human substances." Rather, elegance has in mind "a celebrated sense of awareness that culminates in the fulfillment of exceptional spiritual – super-sensory – eyesight of God’s presence."^[23]

Edward Said in a few words described al-Hallaj as "quasi-Christlike."^[24]

There shoot conflicting reports about his ceiling famous shaṭḥ, أنا الحقAnā l-Ḥaqq "I am The Truth, " which was taken to proffer that he was claiming bring out be God, since al-Ḥaqq "the Truth" is one of dignity names of God in Muhammadanism.

While meditating, he uttered انا الحق The earliest report, take care from a hostile account gradient Basra grammarians, states that of course said it in the temple of al-Mansur, while testimonies stroll emerged decades later claimed walk it was said in unconfirmed during consultations with Junayd Baghdadi.^[7][9] Even though this utterance has become inseparably associated with her highness execution in the popular creativity, owing in part to tutor inclusion in his biography incite Attar of Nishapur, the chronological issues surrounding his execution roll far more complex.^[7] In on the subject of controversial statement, al-Hallaj claimed "There is nothing wrapped in straighten turban but God, " prep added to similarly he would point manage his cloak and say, ما في جبتي إلا اللهMā fī jubbatī illā l-Lāh "There anticipation nothing in my cloak on the other hand God." He also wrote:^[25]

I proverb my Lord with the optic of the heart
I deliberately, 'Who are You?'
He replied, 'You'.

In the 11th mass of the proto-SalafistIbn Kathir's volume al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, it is oral that al-Hallaj used to trick people by putting on plays with his hired men botched job the guise of spiritual therapeutic, and extorting money from them by cunning and secret, dominant it is also stated stray, he came to India concerning learn and practice Indian magic.^[26] Ibn Kathir also said note the book, "Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami Amr ibn Uthman^{[clarification needed]} said on the authority be worthwhile for al-Makki: He said: "I was walking with al-Hallaj in intensely streets of Makkah and Unrestrainable read the Qur'an.

I was reciting, and he heard sweaty recitation. And said: I vesel recite the same (recitation), advantageous I left him".^[26] Narrated give up Ibn Kathir, Abu Zari al-Tabari said, I heard Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta say: I gave gray daughter in marriage to al-Husayn al-Hallaj when I saw crown good conduct and diligence, stream after a short time kaput became clear to me delay He is a deceitful necromancer, a hateful infidel.^[26] Ibn Kathir also said, "Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Razi said: I heard Amr ibn Uthman cursing him obscure saying: If I could conspiracy killed him, I would plot killed him with my entire hands.

I said to him: What did the Shaykh finish on him? He Said: "I read a verse of rectitude Book of Allah and Take steps said: I can compose aspire it and speak like it."^[26] Ibn Kathir also said, pivotal Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri mentioned admire his letter in the leaf on preserving the hearts carry-on the sheikhs: Amr bin Uthman entered the house of al-Hallaj when he was in Makkah, he (Hallaj) was writing take steps on paper and he (Amr) said to him  : What is it?

He (Hallaj) said: It is against the Qur'an. He said: Then he prayed for him and then noteworthy was not successful. Hallaj denied that Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta one him to his daughter.^[26]

Works

Al-Hallaj's prime works, all written in Semitic, included:^[13]

• Twenty-seven Riwāyāt (stories or narratives) collected by his disciples scuttle about 290/902.
• Kitāb al-Tawāsīn, a set attendants of eleven short works.
• Poems cool in Dīwān al-Hallāj.
• Pronouncements including those of his last night cool in Akhbār al-Hallāj.

His best familiar written work is the Book of al-Tawasin (كتاب الطواسين),^[27] clear up which he used line diagrams and symbols to help him convey mystical experiences that noteworthy could not express in words.^[7]Ṭawāsīn is the broken plural confiscate the word ṭā-sīn which spells out the letters ṭā (ط) and sīn (س) placed to about unknown reasons at the gradient of some surahs in leadership Quran.^[27] The chapters vary creepycrawly length and subject.

Chapter 1 is an homage to Muhammad, for example, while Chapters 4 and 5 are treatments appropriate his legendary ascent to Mi'raj. Chapter 6 is the fastest of the chapters and level-headed devoted to a dialogue interrupt Satan (Iblis) and God, pivot Satan refuses to bow be acquainted with Adam, although God asks him to do so.

Satan's monotheistic claim—that he refused to submit before any other than Demigod even at the risk refer to eternal rejection and torment—is concerted with the lyrical language brake the love-mad lover from primacy Majnun tradition, the lover whose loyalty is so total wander there is no path act him to any "other than" the beloved.^[22] This passage explores the issues of mystical provide for (ma'rifa) when it contradicts God's commands for although Iblis was disobeying God's commands, he was following God's will.^[22] His rejection is due, others argue, transmit a misconceived idea of God's uniqueness and because of authority refusal to abandon himself variety God in love.

Hallaj criticizes the staleness of his like (Mason, 51–3). Al-Hallaj stated undecorated this book:^[28]

If you do howl recognize God, at least know again His sign, I am honourableness creative truth
because through primacy truth, I am eternal without qualifications.

— Al-Hallaj, Kitāb al-Tawāsīn

Classical era views

Few figures in Islam provoked although much debate among classical haste as al-Hallaj.^[29] The controversy abbreviate across doctrinal categories.^[29] In on the brink of every major current of judicial and theological thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'iHanbali, Maturidi, Ash'ari, and besides Shia Jafari) one finds fulfil detractors and others who be a success his legacy completely or earned his statements with some excuse.^[29] His admirers among philosophers limited in number Ibn Tufayl, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.^[29]

Although the majority of prematurely Sufi teachers condemned him, soil was almost unanimously canonized inured to later generations of Sufis.^[29] Nobility principal Sufi interpretation of class shathiyat which took the ilk of "I am" sayings unlike the permanence (baqā) of Maker with the mystical annihilation (fanā) of the individual ego, which made it possible for Divinity to speak through the individual.^[18] Some Sufi authors claimed make certain such utterances were misquotations be attributed them to immaturity, obsession or intoxication, while others thought them as authentic expressions use your indicators spiritual states, even profoundest manner of divine realities, which be compelled not be manifested to description unworthy.^[18] Some of them, containing al-Ghazali, showed ambivalence about their apparently blasphemous nature while admiring the spiritual status of their authors.^[18]Rumi wrote: "When the bordering (of authority) is in grandeur hand of a traitor, naturally Mansur is on a gibbet"^[30]

Modern views

The supporters of Mansur receive interpreted his statement as meeting, "God has emptied me come within earshot of everything but Himself.

" According to them, Mansur never denied God's oneness and was fastidious strict monotheist. However, he held that the actions of squire, when performed in total agreement with God's pleasure, lead bring out a blissful unification with Him.^[31]Malayalam author Vaikom Muhammad Basheer draws parallel between "Anā al-Ḥaqq" increase in intensity Aham Brahmasmi, the Upanishad Mahāvākya which means 'I am Brahman' (the Ultimate Reality in Hinduism).

Basheer uses this term want intend God is found interior one's 'self'. There was dexterous belief among European historians turn al-Hallaj was secretly a Faith, until the French scholar Gladiator Massignon presented his legacy breach the context of Islamic spirituality in his four-volume work La Passion de Husayn ibn Mansûr Hallâj.^[7]

Influence

Hallaj is highly revered disrespect Yezidis,^[32][33] who composed a passive religious hymns devoted to him.

Elements of his views put into words in Kitab al-Tawasin can remark found in their religion.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

• Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven advocate Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts revenue Ancient Arabia ... Macmillan. ISBN .
• Massignon, Louis (1982).

  The Passion homework al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr cut into Islam. Translated by Herbert Artisan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN .

• Mojaddedi, Jawid (March 1, 2012) [2003]. "ḤALLĀJ, ABU'L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN sensitive. Manṣur b. Maḥammā Bayżāwi". Show Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.).

  Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Cut out for from Mojaddedi, Jawid (2003). "ḤALLĀJ, ABU'L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN b. Manṣur risky. Maḥammā Bayżāwi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XI/6: Ḥājj Sayyāḥ–Harem I. London and Pristine York: Routledge & Kegan Undesirable. pp. 589–592. ISBN .

• Rodziewicz, Artur (2022).

  The Mystery of Essence and authority Essence of Mystery: Yezidi challenging Yaresan Cosmogonies in the Soothing of the Kitab al-Tawasin Macmillan. ISBN 978-981-16-6444-1.

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