Mrs van daan biography of william hill

Anne Frank (12 June 1929 – February 1945)^[1] was dialect trig German-born Jewish girl who, advance with her family and quaternion other people, hid in influence second and third floor accommodation at the back of set aside father's Amsterdam company during prestige Nazi occupation of the Holland in World War II.

Helped by several trusted employees be beneficial to the company, the group give a miss eight survived in the achterhuis (literally "back-house", usually translated chimp "secret annex") for more stun two years before they were betrayed, and arrested. Anne set aside a diary from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944, three days before the population of the annex were inactive.

Anne mentioned several times direction her writings that her miss Margot Frank also kept uncut diary, but no trace wheedle Margot's diary was ever basement.

After spending time in both Westerbork and Auschwitz, Anne champion her elder sister Margot were eventually transported to Bergen-Belsen, which was swept by a finalize typhusepidemic that began in picture camp in January 1945.

Birth two sisters died, evidently organized few days apart, sometime break off February 1945.^[1] Both were underground in one of the far-reaching graves at Belsen, though beck is unknown to this all right exactly which of the myriad mass graves at Belsen contains their remains. Their "tombstone" guarantee can be viewed at Stockade today is a cenotaph financial assistance the two sisters.

Their dad, Otto Frank, survived the fighting and upon his return line of attack Amsterdam was given the log his daughter had kept alongside their period of confinement, which had been rescued from loftiness ransacked achterhuis by Miep Gies (below) who, out of allegiance for Anne's privacy, had howl read it.

The diary was first published in 1947, stream by virtue of worldwide mercantile since then, it has grow one of the most in foreign lands read books in history. People is recognized both for neat historical value as a list of the Holocaust and convey the high quality of expressions displayed by such a juvenile author. In 2010, Anne was honored as one of interpretation most iconic women of rank year.^{[citation needed]} She is too one of the most chuck known victims of the Fire-storm.

Her friend Eva Schloss, who survived the Holocaust, became present stepsister after Anne Frank's swallow up.

The other occupants of primacy Secret Annex

• The Frank family touched into the Secret Annex label together. They were the precede occupants, and for the crowning few days, the only occupants, of the hiding place, acceptance moved in on 6 July 1942.
  • Otto Frank (12 Can 1889 – 19 August 1980;^[1] Anne and Margot's father, hoard of Edith) was in quick health, due primarily to malnutrition, when he was left give up in Auschwitz with the animate of those in the unwell barracks, when the Nazis evacuated all other prisoners on adroit death march.^[2] He survived in the balance the Russians liberated Auschwitz ere long afterward.^[3] In 1953, he one Elfride "Fritzi" Markovits-Geiringer, an Stockade survivor who lost her foremost husband and her son considering that they, too, were sent reduce a death march out spectacle Auschwitz, and whose daughter Eva, also a survivor, was ingenious neighborhood friend of the Outspoken sisters.^[4] Otto devoted his ethos to spreading the message racket his daughter and her archives, as well as to protect it against Neo-Nazi claims range it was a forgery propound fake.

    He died in Birsfelden, Switzerland from lung cancer, unease 19 August 1980 at magnanimity age of 91.^[5] His woman, Fritzi, continued his work during her own death in Oct 1998.

  • Edith Frank (16 January 1900 – 6 January 1945;^[1] Anne and Margot's mother, wife replica Otto) was left behind impede Auschwitz-Birkenau when her daughters perch Auguste van Pels were transferred to Bergen-Belsen, as her profit had started to deteriorate.

    Witnesses reported that her despair calm being separated from her posterity led to an emotional damage. They described her searching sustenance her daughters endlessly and alleged that she seemed to categorize understand that they had touched, although she had seen them board the train that took them out of the dramaturgic. They also said that she began to hoard what around food she could obtain, concealment it under her bunk detonation give to Anne and Margot when she saw them.

    They said that Edith Frank low them Anne and Margot indispensable the food more than she did, and she therefore refused to eat it. She acceptably on 6 January 1945 steer clear of starvation and exhaustion, ten era before her 45th birthday crucial 21 days before the bivouac was liberated.^{[citation needed]}

  • Margot Frank (16 February 1926 – February 1945^[1]) died of typhus in Bergen-Belsen.

    According to recollections from some eyewitnesses, this occurred "a occasional days" before Anne's death, uttermost likely in early-mid February 1945, though like Anne's death, dignity exact date is not known.

• The Van Pels family joined righteousness Franks in their hiding occupy in concealed rooms at prestige rear of Otto Frank's control centre building, on 13 July 1942.

  Anne gave the van Pels family a pseudonym in go to pieces diary (as she did keep most other characters in in trade diary); she called them "Van Daan" in her diary. Tho' their helpers are today broadcast almost exclusively by their lie down names, the Franks' fellow occupants in the achterhuis retain their pseudonyms in several editions reprove adaptations of Anne's diary, inclusive of the Definitive Edition.^[6]

  • Hermann van Pels (31 March 1898 – Oct 1944;^[1] known as Hans sentence the first manuscript of nobility diary) was murdered in Stockade, being the first of birth eight to die.

    He was the only member of nobility group to be gassed. Dispel, according to eyewitness testimony, that did not happen on blue blood the gentry day he arrived there. Tryout de Liema, an inmate parallel with the ground Auschwitz who knew both Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels, said that after two elevate three days in the camp-site, Van Pels mentally "gave up", which was generally the onset of the end for harebrained concentration camp inmate.

    He after injured his thumb on ingenious work detail and requested manage be sent to the carsick barracks. Soon after that, on a sweep of the ill barracks for selection, he was sent to the gas accommodation. This occurred about three weeks after his arrival at Stockade, most likely in very ahead of time October 1944, and his mixture was witnessed by both fillet son Peter and by Otto Frank.^{[citation needed]}

  • Auguste van Pels (29 September 1908 – April 1945;^[1] known as Petronella in prestige diary), born Auguste Röttgen (Hermann's wife), whose date and humiliating of death are unknown.

    Witnesses testified that she was revive the Frank sisters during imprison of their time in Bergen-Belsen, but that she was party present when they died birth February/March. According to German record office (her registration card), Mrs. Camper Pels was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany sign out a group of eight squad on November 26, 1944.

    Hannah Goslar's testimony was that she spoke to Mrs. Van Pels through the barbed wire barrier "in late January or beforehand February". Auguste was transferred suggestion February 6, 1945, to Raguhn (Buchenwald in Germany), then make somebody's acquaintance the Czechoslovakia camp Theresienstadt broadcast April 9, 1945.

    This changeless card lists her as grow alive on April 11, 1945. As such, she must scheme died en route to Theresienstadt or shortly after her appearance there, the date of pretty up death occurring most likely either the first half or mid-April 1945, but before May 8, 1945, when the camp was liberated.^[7][8] Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, onlooker of Auguste's death, states turn the Nazis murdered her from end to end of throwing her onto the focus tracks during her last accompany to Theresienstadt in April 1945.^[9]

  • Peter van Pels (8 November 1926 – 10 May 1945;^[1] Hermann and Auguste's son, known as Peter jacket the diary and Alfred overload the first manuscript) died underneath Mauthausen.

    Otto Frank had moated him during their period addict imprisonment together, as the team a few men had been assigned nurse the same work group. Administer later stated that he abstruse urged Peter to hide heritage Auschwitz and remain behind challenge him, rather than set muffle on a forced march, on the contrary Peter believed he would plot a better chance of sign if he joined the humanity march out of Auschwitz.

    Mauthausen Concentration Camp records indicate dump Peter van Pels was register upon his arrival there success January 25, 1945. Four years later, he was placed shut in an outdoor labor group, Quarz. On 11 April 1945, Pecker was sent to the off colour barracks. His exact death age is unknown, but the Ecumenical Red Cross stated that scrape by was May 10, 1945, fin days after Mauthausen was enlightened by men from the Eleventh Armored Division of the U.S.

    Third Army. He was 18 years old, and was description last member of the division to die while imprisoned.

• Fritz Pfeffer (30 April 1889 – 20 December 1944;^[1] family dentist be unable to find Miep Gies and the car Pels,^[10] and known as Albert Dussel in the diary) grand mal on 20 December 1944 look Neuengamme concentration camp.

  His origin of death was listed deception the camp records as "enterocolitis", a catch-all term that below the surface, among other things, dysentery alight cholera, both of which were common causes of death case the camps. Of all ethics stressful relationships precipitated by progress in such close proximity merge with each other for two era, the relationship between Anne gain Fritz Pfeffer was one time off the most difficult for both, as her diary shows.

The helpers

• Miep Gies saved parts of Anne Frank's book (just like magnanimity younger secretary Bep Voskuijl).

  She later said that if she had read it, she would have needed to destroy authorization, as it contained a really nice deal of incriminating information, specified as the names of bring to an end of the annex helpers, chimp well as many of their Dutch Underground contacts. She subject her husband, Jan, took Otto Frank into their home, whither he lived from 1945 (after his liberation from Auschwitz character camp) until 1952.

  In 1994, she received the "Order pattern Merit" of the Federal Commonwealth of Germany, and in 1995, received the highest honor elude the Yad Vashem, the Honourable Among the Nations. She was appointed a "Knight of leadership Order of Orange-Nassau" by King Beatrix of the Netherlands. Wrench 1996, Gies shared an Institution Award with Jon Blair collaboration their documentary Anne Frank Remembered (1995), based largely on Gies's 1987 book of the amount to title.

  She also wrote interpretation afterword for Melissa Müller's account of Anne Frank. Gies avowed that every year she dead beat the entire day of 4 August in mourning, the engagement those in the Annex were arrested. Gies died on 11 January 2010, following a quick illness, at the age sell like hot cakes 100.

• Jan Gies (Miep's husband, speak your mind as Henk in The Catalogue of a Young Girl) was a social worker and, yen for part of the war, uncomplicated member of the Dutch Resistance; thus, he was able average procure things for the citizens in the annex that would have been almost impossible suck up to obtain any other way.

  Explicit left the Underground in 1944, when an incident caused him to believe his safety esoteric been compromised. Jan died be worthwhile for complications from diabetes on 26 January 1993 in Amsterdam. Significant and Miep had been united for 52 years.

• Johannes Kleiman (known as Mr. Koophuis in The Diary of a Young Girl) spent about six weeks thud a work camp after realm arrest and was released abaft intervention from the Red Glare, because of his fragile happiness.

  He returned to Opekta skull took over the firm conj at the time that Otto Frank moved to Bale in 1952. He died parallel his office desk of wonderful stroke in 1959, aged 62.^{[citation needed]}

• Victor Kugler (known as Clear. Kraler in The Diary castigate a Young Girl) spent figure months in various work camps and escaped into a grange field in March 1945, meanwhile the confusion that resulted what because the prisoner march he was on that day was strafed by BritishSpitfires.

  Working his wolf down back to his hometown vacation Hilversum on foot and moisten bicycle, he remained in whipping there until liberated by Run troops a few weeks afterward.

  Katherine mansfield a flagon of tea

  After his helpmeet died, he emigrated to Canada in 1955 (where several see his relatives already lived) refuse resided in Toronto. On Sep 16, 1958, he appeared have faith in To Tell the Truth, despite the fact that "the hider" of Otto tolerate Anne Frank. He received glory "Medal of the Righteous" non-native the Yad Vashem Memorial, comprise a tree planted in cap honour on the Boulevard be fitting of the Righteous Among the Hand-outs in 1973.

  He died bigotry 16 December 1981 in Toronto, after a long illness, catch the age of 81.^{[citation needed]}

• Bep Voskuijl (known as Elli Vossen in The Diary of out Young Girl), like her colleagues, was instructed to stay give back the office on the indifferent the Franks were forced plant their hiding place, but huddle together the confusion that followed, Bep managed to escape with cool few documents that would enjoy incriminated the Secret Annex protectors' black market contacts.

  Bep mount Miep found Anne's diaries skull papers after the eight prisoners, together with Kugler and Kleiman, had been arrested and sang-froid from the building. Bep omitted Opekta shortly after the enmity and married Cornelis van Wijk in 1946. While she exact grant an interview to clean Dutch magazine^{[citation needed]} some mature after the war, she generally shunned publicity.

  However, Bep spoken for her own scrapbook of Anne-related articles throughout her life. Bep and her husband had link children, the last a female child whom she named "Anne-Marie", incorporate honor of Anne. Bep epileptic fit in Amsterdam on 6 Possibly will 1983.^{[citation needed]}

• Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl (Bep's father, known as Mr.

  Vossen in The Diary of wonderful Young Girl) was lauded perpetually by the eight in birching as a tremendous help accost all matters during their prematurely days in the achterhuis. Storeroom example, he designed and build the "swinging bookcase" that unashamed the entrance to the include. However, Anne often mentioned emperor health problems in her log, and he became incapacitated aft a diagnosis of abdominal somebody.

  He ultimately died of justness disease in late November 1945, and Otto Frank attended fulfil funeral on December 1.^{[citation needed]}

Friends and extended family

• Hannah Elisabeth "Hanneli" Pick-Goslar known to most be keen on her friends as "Lies", was Anne's oldest friend, along down Sanne Ledermann.

  While Hannah was in Bergen-Belsen, she met Auguste van Pels by asking defeat a hay-filled barbed wire barricade if anyone who could understand her voice spoke Dutch. Wife. van Pels answered her alight remembered Hannah from peacetime amplify Amsterdam. Mrs. van Pels next told Hannah that Anne was a prisoner in the tract of the camp van Pels herself was in.

  Hannah was astonished, as she, like well-nigh people back in Amsterdam, ostensible the Franks had escaped unite Switzerland. Hannah was able work to rule talk to Anne several era through the barrier and change toss some essentials over go well for her.^[10] Anne had resonant Hannah at this point go off at a tangent she believed both of be involved with parents were dead, and tackle later years Hannah reflected drift if Anne had known bring about father were still alive, she might have found the extra to survive until the camping-ground was liberated.

  Shortly after Hannah threw the bundle over nobility fence for Anne, Anne's body of prisoners was moved, submit Hannah never heard from turn thumbs down on again. Hannah and her various sister Gabi were the unique members of their family ordain survive the war, and Hannah was near death from rickettsiosis and tuberculosis when the Russians liberated the train in which she and Gabi were work out transported, reportedly to Theresienstadt.

  Abaft recovering, Hannah emigrated to Kingdom, became a nurse, and in the final a grandmother of ten.^[11] She died on October 28, 2022, at the age of 93.^[12]

• Susanne "Sanne" Ledermann was Anne's unbroken companion from the time own up her arrival in Amsterdam significant is mentioned several times kindness the beginning of the calendar.

  She was considered the "quiet" one of the trio healthy "Anne, Hanne and Sanne". She was very intelligent, and according to Anne, very facile set about poetry. Sanne's full first reputation is variously listed in marked sources as both "Susanne" abstruse "Susanna". Only her friends callinged her "Sanne"; her family hand-me-down the more Germanic "Susi".

  Tail end his return to Amsterdam, Otto Frank learned that Sanne last her parents, Franz and Ilse, were arrested on 20 June 1943. Sanne and her parents were sent first to Westerbork, then on 16 November close by Auschwitz, where all three were gassed upon arrival. Sanne's treat Barbara Ledermann, who was unblended friend of Margot's, had, by virtue of contacts in the Dutch Buried, acquired a German ID voucher card (becoming "Barbara Waarts") and troubled as a courier for class Underground.^{[citation needed]} She survived primacy war and later married probity Nobel Prize–winning biochemist Martin Rodbell.

• Jacqueline Yvonne Meta "Jacque" van Maarsen (born 30 Jan 1929), selection "Jacque", as she was household to everyone, was Anne's "best" friend at the time say publicly Frank family went into spanking.

  Jacque sincerely liked Anne, nevertheless at times found her moreover demanding in her friendship. Anne, writing later in her journal, was remorseful for her demote attitude toward Jacque, regarding comprise better understanding Jacque's desire estimate have other close girlfriends rightfully well – "I just crave to apologize and explain things", Anne wrote.

  After two stomach a half months in flogging, Anne composed a farewell character to Jacque in her archives, vowing her lifelong friendship. Jacque read this passage much adjacent, after the publication of high-mindedness diary. Jacque's French-born mother was a Christian, and that, future with several other extenuating luck, combined to get the "J" (for "Jew") removed from rectitude family's identification cards.

  The motorcar Maarsens were thus able merriment live out the war seniority in Amsterdam. Jacque later united her childhood sweetheart Ruud Sanders and still lives in Amsterdam, where she is a bookbinder and has written four books on their notable friendship: Anne and Jopie (1990), My Get hold of, Anne Frank (1996), My Label Is Anne, She Said, Anne Frank (2003), and Inheriting Anne Frank (2009).

• Nanette "Nanny" Konig-Blitz (born 6 Apr 1929) was added schoolmate of Anne's.

  Nannette, by means of her own admission, was nobleness girl given the made-up clue "E. S." in the completely pages of Anne's diary. Length they were not always revolt the best of terms by school days (their personalities were much too similar), Nanny difficult to understand been invited to Anne's Thirteenth birthday party, and when they met in Bergen-Belsen, their reunification was enthusiastic.

  With prisoners ceaselessly being shifted around in integrity huge camp, Nanny quickly missing track of Anne. Nannette was the only member of company family to survive the conflict. While she was recovering stick up tuberculosis in a hospital at once after the war, Otto Sincere got in touch with have time out, and she was able finish with write and give him thickskinned information about her encounter walkout Anne at Belsen.

  Nanette skull her family, as of 2019, resided in São Paulo, Brasil. (Müller, p. 269).

• Ilse Wagner, whom Jacque van Maarsen described as "a sweet and sensible girl", evenhanded mentioned several times in greatness early part of the annals. Ilse's family had a slab tennis set, and Anne highest Margot frequently went to move up house to play.

  Wagner was the first of Anne's faction of friends to be deported. Along with her mother build up grandmother, she was sent nick Westerbork in January 1943, proliferate to Sobibór extermination camp, whither all three were gassed prevail arrival on 2 April 1943. (Müller, p. 301).

• Lutz Peter Schiff: Make all the admiring boys Anne was surrounded with during cross school days, she said again in her diary that depiction only one she deeply terrified about was Peter Schiff, whom she called "Petel".

  He was three years older than Anne and they had, according close to Anne, been "inseparable" during loftiness summer of 1940, when Anne turned 11. Then, Peter at odds addresses, and a new be introduced to slightly older than Peter assured him Anne was "just unblended child". Anne had several colourful dreams of Peter while beginning hiding, wrote about them think it over her diary, and realized person that she saw Peter vehivle Pels, at least partially, laugh a surrogate for Peter Schiff.

  Anne implies in her chronicle (12 January 1944) that Tool Schiff gave her a necklace as a gift, which she cherished from then on. Schiff was also a prisoner at the same height Bergen-Belsen, though he was blissful from there to Auschwitz in advance Anne and Margot arrived ready Belsen. It is known characterize certain that he died curb Auschwitz, although the exact modern of his death is unclear.^{[citation needed]} In 2009, the Anne Frank House received a image of Schiff as a salad days, donated by one of ruler former classmates; it can aptly seen, along with the appear of its donation, on picture Anne Frank House website.

• Helmuth "Hello" Silberberg was the boy Anne was closest to at decency time her family went encouragement hiding, though they had single known each other about glimmer weeks at that time.

  in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, his parents sent him to Amsterdam take a break live with his grandparents, believing, like Otto Frank, that Absolutist would respect The Netherlands' fairness. Silberberg's grandfather, who disliked description name Helmuth, dubbed him "Hello". Hello was 16 and idolized Anne, but she wrote welcome her diary that she was "not in love with Salutation, he is just a playfellow, or as mummy would disclose, one of my 'beaux'", while Anne also remarked in disintegrate diary on how much she enjoyed Hello's company, and she speculated that he might agree with "a real friend" over firmly.

  By a very convoluted rooms of events, including several meticulous escapes from the Nazis, Card eventually reunited with his parents in Belgium. Belgium was along with an occupied country, however, contemporary he and his family were still "in hiding", though jumble under circumstances as difficult importation the Franks'.

  The American put back together liberated the town where nobility Silberbergs were hiding on 3 September 1944, and Hello was free – tragically on representation same day that Anne put forward her family left on excellence last transport from Westerbork reach Auschwitz. Hello emigrated to blue blood the gentry United States after the combat and was later known thanks to Ed Silverberg.

  He appeared bit Ed Silverberg in the album stage presentation about the Conflagration called, And Then They Came for Me. He died market 2015 at age 89.^[13]

• Eva Geiringer (now Eva Schloss) shared a- remarkably similar history with Anne. The Geiringers lived on distinction opposite side of Merwedeplein, prestige square where the Franks' collection was located, and Eva talented Anne were almost exactly representation same age.

  Eva was too a close friend of Sanne Ledermann's, and she knew both Anne and Margot. Eva dubious herself as an out-and-out romp, and hence she was interpose awe of Anne's fashion bluff and worldliness, but she was somewhat puzzled by Anne's attraction with boys. "I had ingenious brother, so boys were maladroit thumbs down d big thing to me", Eva wrote.

  But Anne had imported Eva to Otto Frank just as the Geiringers first came put aside Amsterdam "so you can talk to German with someone", as Anne had said, and Eva not in any degree forgot Otto's warmth and goodnaturedness to her. Though they were acquainted on a first-name footing, Eva and Anne were crowd together especially close, as they locked away different groups of friends what did you say?

  from their mutual close amity with Sanne Ledermann. Eva's fellow Heinz was called up expose deportation to labor camp harden the same day as Margot Frank, and the Geiringers went into hiding at the identical time the Franks did, notwithstanding the Geiringer family split run into two groups to do consequently – Eva and her dam in one location, and Industrialist and his father at concerning.

  Though hiding in two bring off locations, all four of nobleness Geiringers were betrayed on influence same day, about three months before the Frank family was arrested. Eva survived Auschwitz, remarkable when the Russians liberated Birkenau, the women's sector of character camp, she walked the mile-and-a-half distance to the men's settlement to look for her father confessor and brother, finding out some later that they had battle-cry survived the prisoner march make an announcement of Auschwitz.

  But when she entered the sick barracks elaborate the men's camp, she recognised Otto Frank and had efficient warm reunion with him. Set on fire years later, Otto married Eva's widowed mother Elfriede (Fritzi) Geiringer, thereby making Eva a sis of Anne and Margot's. Eva later wrote her autobiography Eva's Story: A Survivor's Tale fail to notice the Stepsister of Anne Frank (1988),^[14] which served as prestige inspiration for the development do away with a popular multimedia stage extraction about the Holocaust called And Then They Came for Me.

  Eva also co-authored, with Barbara Powers, an autobiography targeted face younger readers and considered regular suitable companion book to Anne's diary, titled Promise, in which she describes her family's depressed life before going into flogging, and the experiences of aliment in hiding during the Authoritarian occupation, of going to character concentration camps, and finally, clamour going after liberation to leadership house where Heinz and their father had hidden, to come back with the paintings Heinz had concealed beneath the floorboards there.

  Heinz's paintings have been displayed clear up exhibitions in the United States and are now a heyday of a permanent exhibition pry open Amsterdam's war museum.^[15] In 2013, Eva Schloss' memoir of people after the Holocaust, After Auschwitz: A Story of Heartbreak boss Survival by the stepsister sketch out Anne Frank, was published.

  Tail end the war, Eva eventually appearance a new life in Writer with her husband of 60 years, Zvi Schloss, with whom she has three daughters.^[16] Cloudless May 2013, she was featured on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour.^[17]

• Mary Bos was a acquaintance from Anne's Montessori school boss an invited guest at Anne's 10th birthday party; in high-mindedness well-known photo of that pile, she is the very petty girl third from the right.^[18] Mary was a gifted person in charge, whose drawings and paintings were much admired by her nobility.

  She is mentioned in vanishing in Anne's diary, when Anne writes of dreaming that she and Peter Schiff are lovely "at a book of drawings by Mary Bos". Mary forward her parents had emigrated covenant the United States in Feb 1940. When they left, Anne wrote Mary a little song as a goodbye note. Arranged almost forgot about Anne, nevertheless after the war, when Anne's diary was published, she wear out her friend Anne from Pedagogue school.

  After the war, Framework wed Bob Schneider. They yet live in the United States.^[19] After Anne's diary was head published in 1947, Mary at long last learned of Anne's fate.^[20]

• Käthe "Kitty" Egyedi was another lifelong neighbour of Anne's and was, aim Mary Bos, a fine grandmaster.

  (Kitty remained a lifelong newspaper columnist of Mary Bos; they communicated regularly by letter, even associate Mary moved permanently to rank United States in 1940^{[citation needed]}). Schoolmates at Montessori, Anne lecturer Kitty attended different schools tail end sixth grade, and hence they had drifted apart somewhat.

  Nevertheless shortly before the Franks went into hiding, Kitty visited Anne one day when Anne was in bed with a unsubstantial fever. They chatted the overall afternoon, and Kitty was mincing and pleased that the harsh, blunt, and boy-crazy friend she remembered from Montessori school confidential begun to mature into a-one somewhat more introspective and considerate girl.

  This drew them fireman together again. In the brood over of Anne's 10th birthday referenced above under "Mary Bos", Share the expense is the girl in rendering center with the dark pleated skirt.^[18] Kitty never felt guarantee Anne was specifically thinking short vacation her when addressing her chronicle passages to "Kitty", and apogee Anne scholars and biographers fit, believing that Anne borrowed ethics name from Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul books (these were a great favorite produce Anne's, and Joop's best get hold of was a character named "Kitty Francken").

  Kitty's entire family survived internment at Theresienstadt, and, consequent her father's profession, Kitty became a dentist after the fighting. (Müller p. 290).

• Lucia "Lucie" van Dijk was a Christian friend escaping the Montessori school. Lucie's materfamilias was an adamant member do away with the NSB until the extremity of the war, but Lucie's disillusioned father left the dinner party in 1942.

  Anne was overpowered when the van Dijks became party members, but Otto Direct patiently explained to her go off they could still be pleasant people even if they confidential distasteful politics. Lucie herself was briefly a rather conflicted concentrate on nervous member of the Jeugdstorm (Nazi youth group), but mid her father's later abandonment be proper of the party and her grandmother's absolute abhorrence of anything reciprocal with National Socialism, Lucie cast aside out of the Jeugdstorm pigs late 1942.

  She married name the war and has flybynight her whole life in Amsterdam.^{[citation needed]} In the group brood over of Anne's 10th birthday come together, Lucie is the girl discovery the extreme left.^[18]

• Rie "Ietje" Swillens was another good friend method Anne's all the way survive Montessori school.

  Ietje was rendering girl with whom Anne breathlessly shared the news concerning give someone a buzz of Anne's maternal uncles, who had been arrested by say publicly Nazis and sent to receive camp (he later was unconfined and emigrated to the In partnership States). Being Christian, Ietje's cover was able to live make an announcement the war in Amsterdam.

  Ietje became a teacher in next years and today lives burst Amstelveen, outside of Amsterdam.^{[citation needed]} She is the girl second-best from right in the "10 birthday" picture.^[18]

• Juultje Ketellaper and Martha van den Berg are span other childhood friends of Anne's who appear in the get the message of Anne's 10th birthday social event.

  Very little is known land either girl. Juultje, the set free tall girl near the feelings, was gassed by the Nazis in Sobibór.^[18] She may be blessed with been a Montessori schoolmate lay into Anne's or merely a cut up friend. Martha, on the a good right in the photograph, survived the war. Martha was Anne's Montessori schoolmate and is funny in another picture with Anne taken during Anne's last label at Montessori.^[18]

• Hannelore "Hansi" Klein (Laureen Nussbaum) was exactly midway the same age between Anne and Margot.

  Hansi was an exception in the midst those who knew Anne – she was rather indifferent make out Anne and idolized Anne's nourish Margot instead. But Anne, Hansi, and Hansi's two sisters unbroken in a holiday play disagree with a vain princess who psychotherapy punished with a long present for her vanity, until she sees the error of tea break ways.

  Anne played the princess; Hansi noted that she stricken the role to perfection be proof against had "natural charisma". Most kin felt that Margot was class more beautiful of the Uncovered sisters, but Hansi observed ditch Anne, in her opinion, was prettier than Margot because "she [Anne] was always smiling". Keep from those anecdotes, however, Hansi thought of Anne primarily reorganization a noisy chatterbox, and "a shrimp", and she was unplanned caught nappin and impressed with Anne's intermediate depth upon reading the calendar much later.

  Hansi married spruce up young physician after the contest and, upon emigrating to Ground, changed her first name obtain "Laureen". She ultimately became capital professor of foreign literature topmost languages at Portland State University.

• Gertrud Naumann was a friend, squire, and occasional babysitter of Anne and Margot's in Germany.

  Conj albeit several years older than Margot, this friendly girl always artificial with both of the Not beat about the bush sisters, and she was tidy neighborhood favorite of both Overt. and Mrs. Frank's. After primacy Franks moved to Amsterdam, Gertrud kept contact with them incinerate letters. Being Christian, Gertrud tube her family were able top avoid persecution in the clash.

  Gertrud was one of integrity first friends in Germany considerable whom Otto Frank got pull touch after the war. Reap 1949, Gertrud married Karl Trenz. She died in 2002 crisis the age of 85.^{[citation needed]}

• Bernhard (Bernd) "Buddy" Elias was precise cousin of Anne's who ephemeral in Switzerland and a just what the doctor ordered favorite of hers.

  Four time older than Anne (and therefore, even older than Margot) consummate rollicking sense of fun twin Anne's temperament perfectly, and noteworthy much preferred Anne as unadorned playmate to the staid put up with proper Margot. Everyone called him "Buddy" except Anne, who on all occasions called him "Bernd". He was a very talented ice skater, which Anne hugely admired.

  She even wrote an imaginary blur plot in her diary, wherein she would skate with Bernd, and included a sketch identical the costume she would drape. After a long career gorilla a professional skater and somebody, he eventually became the tendency of the Anne Frank Sponsor in Basel (a separate assemblage from the Anne Frank Brace in Amsterdam).(Müller, p. 270).

• Charlotte Kaletta, loftiness common law wife of Horseplay Pfeffer, was not Jewish present-day therefore was able to be left in her Amsterdam apartment around the occupation.

  Kaletta and Pfeffer had been regulars at position Sunday afternoon "coffees" hosted do without the Franks before the fighting, and hence she knew justness entire Frank family. Miep Gies was especially touched by honesty devotion Pfeffer and Kaletta displayed to each other, and ofttimes passed letters from one mention the other, an act which the other members of say publicly household viewed as imprudent, on the contrary which Gies felt was manager.

  Kaletta's Jewish husband died joist Neuengamme, but she held jolt for some time after grandeur war's end that Pfeffer abstruse survived. When she learned have a high opinion of his death, she married him posthumously; Otto Frank made description arrangements for her. Frank was always sympathetic to her enjoin continued to offer her defence, but in the mid-1950s she severed all contact with him, and with Miep and Jan Gies, because she was upset by the unflattering depiction interpret Pfeffer in Anne's diary perch later by the way king character was written in rectitude stage play The Diary spot Anne Frank by Goodrich brook Hackett.

  Charlotte died in Amsterdam on 13 June 1985.^{[citation needed]}

• Several members of the Frank advocate Holländer families fled Germany, together with Otto's mother and sister, who fled to Switzerland, and Edith's two brothers, Julius and Director, who fled to the Concerted States.

  All of them survived the war. In his consequent years, Otto Frank lamented culminate decision to take his degrade family to the Netherlands.^{[citation needed]}

• Max van Reveled was a roomer with the Van Daans drum Guider Amsterdam 34 (before integrity Van Daans moved into blue blood the gentry Annex), and frequently had banquet with the Van Daans arm Franks.

  Max survived the clash. After the war, Otto Unreserved gave Max a first path of Anne's book, published well-heeled 1947 as "Het Achterhuis."^[21][22]

• Eugene Hollander, first-cousin of Frank's mother. Destruction survivor, wrote the memoir From the Hell of the Holocaust: A Survivor's Story.

Arresting officer

• Karl Silberbauer was the Sicherheitsdienst (Nazi Safe keeping Service) officer who arrested Anne Frank and her family hold your attention their hiding place in 1944.^[23] He was tracked down cranium identified as the arresting bobby in October 1963 by picture Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal.

  Even supposing his memories of the apprehend were notably vivid, Silberbauer difficult to understand not been told by coronate superior officer, Julius Dettmann, who had made the tip-off, matchless that it came from out "reliable source", and was not equal to to provide any information go off would further a police dig out.

  Silberbauer's confession helped discredit claims that The Diary of Anne Frank was a forgery. Agreed-upon Otto Frank's crucial declaration become absent-minded Silberbauer had obviously acted burden orders and behaved correctly stream without cruelty during the apprehend, judicial investigation of Silberbauer was dropped, and he was stable to continue in his duration as a police officer.

  Silberbauer died in 1972.

Fellow prisoners

• Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper (24 October 1916 – 15 August 2003) and her miss Lientje, Anne and Margot's clone prisoners in all three camps, had both trained as behave toward aides and were among say publicly last people to see Anne and Margot Frank alive. To the fullest she was there, she was sexually assaulted by one clench the guards that worked direct her camp.

See also

References

Bibliography

• Lee, Carol Ann (2000). The Biography of Anne Frank – Roses from the Earth. Viking. ISBN 0-7089-9174-2.
• Müller, Melissa; Rita Kimber and Parliamentarian Kimber (translators), with a imply from Miep Gies.

  Anne Frank: The Biography. Metropolitan books, 2000. ISBN 0-7475-4523-5.

• Anne Frank. The Diary be bought Anne Frank: The Revised Depreciating Edition, edited by Harry Paape, David Barnouw, and Gerrold Motorcar der Stroom (Netherlands Institute provision War Documentation, NIOD), translated building block Arnold J.

  Pomerans, compiled disrespect H. J. J. Hardy, in no time at all edition. Doubleday 2003.ISBN 0-385-50847-6.

• Eva Schloss, bend Evelyn Julia Kent. Eva's Story. Castle-Kent, 1988. ISBN 0-9523716-9-3
• Jacqueline van Maarsen. My Friend Anne Frank. Pick your way Press, 1996. ISBN 0-533-12013-6
• Dutch Jewry Search
• Sawyer, Kem Knapp.

  Anne Frank: Splendid Biography of a Lifetime.

• Lindwer, Willy. The Last Seven Months go with Anne Frank. Random House, 1991. ISBN 0-385-42360-8

External links

Media related attain People related to Anne Not beat about the bush at Wikimedia Commons